Ding, ding, bang, yaswa ina, ndipo iyi ndi imodzi mwa zida zodziwika bwino mu labu yathu, magalasi. Momwe mungatsukire magalasi ndi momwe mungaumitsire.

Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe muyenera kuziganizira mukamazigwiritsa ntchito, mukudziwa?

1. Use ya magalasi wamba

(I) Pipette

1. Gulu: Chitoliro chimodzi (chotchedwa chitoliro chachikulu cha mimba), chitoliro chogawika (mtundu wosakwanira wotulutsa madzi, mtundu wotulutsa madzi, mtundu wotulutsa mpweya)

1. Pipette yokhala ndi chizindikiro chimodzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito popayira voliyumu inayake ya yankho molondola. M'mimba mwake mwa gawo lolemba la pipette yokhala ndi chizindikiro chimodzi ndi yaying'ono ndipo kulondola kwake ndi kwakukulu; Pipette yolozera ili ndi dayamita yayikulu ndipo kulondola kwake kumakhala koyipa pang'ono. Chifukwa chake, poyesa voliyumu yonse ya yankho, kukula kofanana nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pipette yokhala ndi chizindikiro chimodzi m'malo molozera pipette.

1. Ntchito:

Kupaka mapaipi: Pa kuyesa komwe kumafuna kulondola kwambiri, pukutani madzi otsala kuchokera kumapeto kwa chitoliro ndi pepala losefera, kenako tsukani madzi mkati ndi kunja kwa chitoliro ndi madzi odikira kwa katatu kuti muwonetsetse kuti kuchuluka kwa yankho lochotsedwa sikunasinthe. Samalani kuti musawonjezere yankho kuti mupewe kusungunuka ndi kuipitsidwa kwa yankho.

Mukayika paipi yankho loti litulutsidwe, ikani nsonga ya chubu 1-2cm pansi pa pamwamba pa madzi (yakuya kwambiri, yankho lochuluka limamatira kukhoma lakunja la chubu; losaya kwambiri: lopanda kanthu madzi akatsika).

Kuwerenga: Mzere wowonekera uli pamlingo womwewo ndi malo otsika kwambiri a meniscus ya yankho.

Kutulutsa: nsonga ya chubu imakhudza mkati mwa chotengera kotero kuti chotengeracho chikhale chopendekeka ndipo chubucho chikhale choyimirira.

Yosiyidwa yopanda kanthu pakhoma: Musanachotse pipette mu chidebe cholandirira, dikirani masekondi atatu kuti muwonetsetse kuti madziwo atuluka kwathunthu.

(2) botolo la volumetric

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokonzekera yankho lolondola.

Musanagwiritse ntchito ma flask odzaza, yang'anani ngati kuchuluka kwa ma flask odzaza kukugwirizana ndi zomwe zimafunika; Ma flask ofiirira odzaza ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera zinthu zopepuka zosungunuka. Kaya pulagi yopukusira kapena pulagi yapulasitiki ikutulutsa madzi.

1. Kuyesa kutayikira: onjezerani madzi a m'popi pamalo omwe ali pafupi ndi mzere wolembera, lumikizani chitolirocho mwamphamvu, kanikizani pulagi ndi chala chakutsogolo, ikani botolo mozondoka kwa mphindi ziwiri, ndikugwiritsa ntchito pepala losefera louma kuti muwone ngati madzi akutuluka m'mphepete mwa pakamwa pa botolo. Ngati palibe kutayikira kwa madzi, tembenuzani chitolirocho 180° ndikuchiyimirira chagada kwa mphindi zina ziwiri kuti muwone.

2. Zolemba:

Ndodo zagalasi ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza mayankho ku mabotolo a volumetric;

Musagwire botolo m'dzanja lanu kuti madzi asatuluke;

Pamene voliyumu mu botolo la volumetric ifika pafupifupi 3/4, gwedezani botolo la volumetric kangapo (musabwerere m'mbuyo), kuti yankho lisakanizike bwino. Kenako ikani botolo la volumetric patebulo ndikuwonjezera madzi pang'onopang'ono mpaka litayandikira mzere wa 1cm, kuyembekezera kwa mphindi 1-2 kuti yankholo likamatirire kukhoma la botolo. Onjezani madzi pamalo otsika kwambiri pansi pa mulingo wamadzi opindika ndikulumikizana ndi chizindikirocho;

Mankhwala otentha ayenera kuziziritsidwa kutentha kwa chipinda asanalowe mu botolo la volumetric, apo ayi cholakwika cha volumetric chingachitike.

Botolo la volumetric silingathe kusunga yankho kwa nthawi yayitali, makamaka soda, yomwe imawononga galasi ndikupangitsa kuti chipolopolocho chizimamatira ndipo sichingathe kutsegulidwa;

Botolo la volumetric likatha, litsukeni ndi madzi.

Ngati sichinagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, chitsukeni ndi kuchipukuta ndi pepala.

1.  Njira yotsukira

Kaya mitundu yonse ya magalasi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu labotale yowoneka bwino komanso ya mankhwala ndi oyera nthawi zambiri zimakhudza kudalirika ndi kulondola kwa zotsatira za kusanthula, choncho ndikofunikira kwambiri kuonetsetsa kuti magalasi omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oyera.

Pali njira zambiri zotsukira magalasi, zomwe ziyenera kusankhidwa malinga ndi zofunikira pa mayeso, mtundu wa dothi ndi kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa. Chipangizo choyezera chomwe chimayenera kuyeza yankho molondola, sikophweka kugwiritsa ntchito burashi poyeretsa, chifukwa burashi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, ndikosavuta kuvala khoma lamkati la chipangizo choyezera, ndipo zinthu zomwe ziyenera kuyezedwa sizolondola.

Kuwunika kuyera kwa zinthu zagalasi: khoma lamkati liyenera kunyowetsedwa kwathunthu ndi madzi opanda mikanda.

Njira yoyeretsera：

(1) Tsukani ndi madzi;

(2) Tsukani ndi sopo kapena sopo (njira iyi si yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa chromatography kapena mass spectrometry experiments, ma surfactants si osavuta kuyeretsa, zomwe zingakhudze zotsatira za kuyesera);

(3) Gwiritsani ntchito lotion ya chromium (20g ya potaziyamu dichromate imasungunuka mu 40g yamadzi otentha ndi osunthidwa, kenako 360g ya hydrochloric acid yokhazikika imawonjezeredwa pang'onopang'ono): ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu yochotsa mafuta kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe, koma imawononga kwambiri ndipo ili ndi poizoni winawake. Samalani chitetezo;

(4) Mafuta ena odzola;

Lotion ya alkaline potassium permanganate: 4g ya potassium permanganate imasungunuka m'madzi, 10g ya potassium hydroxide imawonjezedwa ndikuchepetsedwa ndi madzi mpaka 100ml. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa madontho a mafuta kapena zinthu zina zachilengedwe.

Mafuta odzola a oxalic acid: 5-10g oxalic acid imasungunuka mu 100ml ya madzi, ndipo pang'ono pang'ono hydrochloric acid imawonjezeredwa. Yankho ili limagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsuka manganese dioxide yomwe imapangidwa pambuyo potsuka potaziyamu permanganate.

Lotion ya iodide ya iodide ya iodide (1g ya iodide ndi 2g ya iodide ya potassium imasungunuka m'madzi ndikuchepetsedwa ndi madzi mpaka 100ml): imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsuka dothi lofiirira la siliva nitrate.

Njira yothira pickling yeniyeni: 1:1 hydrochloric acid kapena nitric acid. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa ma ayoni ochepa.

Lotion ya alkaline: yankho la madzi la 10% sodium hydroxide. Mphamvu yochotsera mafuta potenthetsa ndi yabwino kwambiri.

Zosungunulira zachilengedwe (ether, ethanol, benzene, acetone): zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsuka madontho a mafuta kapena zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zasungunuka mu zosungunulira.

3. Drying

Ziwiya zagalasi ziyenera kutsukidwa ndikuumitsidwa kuti zikagwiritsidwe ntchito pambuyo pa mayeso aliwonse. Mayeso osiyanasiyana ali ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana pa kuchuluka kwa kuuma kwa zida zagalasi. Mwachitsanzo, botolo la triangular lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuchuluka kwa asidi lingagwiritsidwe ntchito mutatsuka, pomwe botolo la triangular lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mafuta limafuna kuumitsa. Chidacho chiyenera kuumitsidwa malinga ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana.

(1) Kuwumitsa mpweya: ngati simukufunikira mwachangu, mutha kuumitsa mozondoka;

(2) Kuumitsa: Kungathe kuumitsa mu uvuni pa kutentha kwa 105-120℃ (chipangizo choyezera sichingathe kuumitsa mu uvuni);

(3) Kuumitsa ndi mpweya: mpweya wotentha ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuumitsa mwachangu (choumitsira cha zida zagalasi).

Zachidziwikire, ngati mukufuna njira yotetezeka komanso yothandiza yoyeretsera ndi kuumitsa, mutha kusankhanso chotsukira magalasi cha labotale chopangidwa ndi XPZ. ​​Sichingotsimikizira kuti kuyeretsa kukuchitika, komanso kusunga nthawi, khama, madzi ndi ntchito. Chotsukira magalasi cha labotale chopangidwa ndi XPZ chimagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo waposachedwa kwambiri wapadziko lonse lapansi woyeretsera. Chingathe kumaliza kuyeretsa, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso kuumitsa chokha ndi batani limodzi, kukubweretserani chidziwitso chatsopano cha magwiridwe antchito, liwiro komanso chitetezo. Kuphatikiza kuyeretsa ndi kuumitsa sikungowonjezera kuchuluka ndi magwiridwe antchito a zoyeserera zokha, komanso kumachepetsa kwambiri kuipitsa ndi kuwonongeka panthawi yogwira ntchito.