Ding, ding, bang, inathyola ina, ndipo ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zida zodziwika bwino mu labu yathu, glassware.Momwe mungayeretsere magalasi ndi momwe mungawumire.

Pali zambiri zomwe muyenera kuziganizira mukamagwiritsa ntchito, mukudziwa?

1. The use wa magalasi wamba

(I) Pipette

1. Gulu: Single mark pipette (yotchedwa big belly pipette), pipette yomaliza maphunziro (mtundu wotuluka wosakwanira, mtundu wotuluka wathunthu, mtundu wa kuphulika)

1. Single chizindikiro pipette ntchito pipette buku lina la njira yolondola.Pipette ya indexing ili ndi mainchesi akulu ndipo kulondola kumakhala koyipa pang'ono.Choncho, poyeza kuchuluka kwa yankho, kukula kwake kumagwiritsidwa ntchito Single mark pipette m'malo mwa indexing pipette.

1. Ntchito:

Kupaka mapaipi: pakuyesa komwe kumafuna kulondola kwambiri, pukutani madzi otsalira kuchokera kunsonga kwa chitoliro ndi pepala losefera, ndiye muzimutsuka madzi mkati ndi kunja kwa nsonga ya chitoliro ndi madzi akudikirira katatu kuti muwonetsetse kuti kuchuluka kwa chitoliro. kuchotsedwa ntchito njira akadali osasintha.Chenjerani kuti reflux yankho kupewa dilution ndi kuipitsidwa kwa yankho.

Mukapanga njira yothetsera kulakalaka, ikani nsonga ya chubu 1-2cm pansi pamadzimadzi (yakuya kwambiri, yankho lambiri limamatira pakhoma lakunja la chubu; osaya kwambiri: kuyamwa kopanda madzi pambuyo potsika).

Kuwerenga: Mzere wowonekera uli pamtunda womwewo ndi malo otsika kwambiri a meniscus ya yankho.

Kutulutsidwa: nsonga ya chubu imakhudza mkati mwa chotengeracho kuti chombocho chisunthike ndipo chubu chikhale chowongoka.

Kusiyidwa kwaulere pakhoma: Pipette isanachotsedwe m'chidebe cholandirira, dikirani kwa masekondi atatu kuti muwonetsetse kuti madziwo atuluka kwathunthu.

(2) botolo la volumetric

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera njira yothetsera ndende yolondola.

Musanagwiritse ntchito ma flasks a volumetric, onetsetsani ngati voliyumu ya voliyumu ikugwirizana ndi zomwe zimafunikira;Brown volumetric flasks ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza kuwala sungunuka zinthu.Kaya pulagi yogayira kapena pulagi yapulasitiki itaya madzi.

1. Mayeso a kutayikira: onjezani madzi apampopi kudera lomwe lili pafupi ndi mzere wa lebulo, pulagi chotchinga mwamphamvu, kanikizani pulagi ndi chala chakutsogolo, imirirani botolo mozondoka kwa mphindi ziwiri, ndipo gwiritsani ntchito pepala losefera louma kuti muwone ngati madzi atuluka. kusiyana kwa pakamwa pa botolo.Ngati madzi sakutha, tembenuzani ng'anjo 180 ° ndikuyimirira pamutu pake kwa mphindi ziwiri kuti muwone.

2. Zolemba:

Ndodo zamagalasi ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito posamutsa mayankho ku ma flasks a volumetric;

Osagwira botolo m'manja mwanu kuti mupewe kukula kwamadzimadzi;

Voliyumu mu botolo la volumetric ikafika pafupifupi 3/4, gwedezani botolo la volumetric kangapo (musasinthe), kuti yankho lisakanike bwino.Kenaka ikani botolo la volumetric patebulo ndikuwonjezera pang'onopang'ono madzi mpaka pafupi ndi mzere wa 1cm, kuyembekezera kwa mphindi 1-2 kuti musiye yankho likumatira ku khoma la botolo.Onjezerani madzi kumalo otsika kwambiri pansi pa mlingo wamadzimadzi opindika ndi tangent ku chizindikiro;

Yankho lotentha liyenera kukhazikika kutentha kwa chipinda musanalowe mu botolo la volumetric, apo ayi vuto la voliyumu likhoza kuyambitsidwa.

Botolo la volumeter silingathe kusunga yankho kwa nthawi yaitali, makamaka lye, lomwe lidzawononga galasi ndikupangitsa kuti cork ikhale yosatsegula;

Pamene botolo la volumetric likugwiritsidwa ntchito, lambani ndi madzi.

Ngati sichinagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, yambani ndikuchipukuta ndikuchipukuta ndi pepala.

1.  Njira yochapira

Kaya mitundu yonse ya glassware yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu labotale yakuthupi ndi yamankhwala imakhala yoyera nthawi zambiri imakhudza kudalirika komanso kulondola kwa zotsatira zowunika, kotero ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti magalasi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oyera.

Pali njira zambiri zotsuka magalasi, zomwe ziyenera kusankhidwa malinga ndi zofunikira za mayesero, chikhalidwe cha dothi ndi digiri ya kuipitsa.Chipangizo choyezera chomwe chiyenera kuyeza yankho molondola, sikophweka kugwiritsa ntchito burashi poyeretsa, chifukwa burashi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali, n'zosavuta kuvala khoma lamkati la chipangizo choyezera, ndi zinthu zomwe ziyenera kukhala. kuyeza sikulondola.

Kuwunika ukhondo wagalasi: khoma lamkati liyenera kunyowa kwathunthu ndi madzi opanda mikanda.

Njira yoyeretsera:

(1) Sambani ndi madzi;

(2) Sambani ndi detergent kapena sopo solution (njira imeneyi sivomerezedwa kwa chromatography kapena mass spectrometry kuyesa, surfactants si zophweka kuyeretsa, zomwe zingakhudze zotsatira zoyesera);

(3) Gwiritsani ntchito mafuta odzola a chromium (20g potaziyamu dichromate imasungunuka mu 40g madzi otentha ndi osonkhezera, ndiyeno 360g ya hydrochloric acid ya mafakitale imawonjezedwa pang'onopang'ono): imakhala ndi mphamvu yochotsa mafuta kuzinthu zachilengedwe, koma zimakhala zowononga kwambiri kawopsedwe ena.Samalani chitetezo;

(4) Mafuta odzola ena;

Alkaline potassium permanganate lotion: 4g potaziyamu permanganate imasungunuka m'madzi, 10g potaziyamu hydroxide imawonjezeredwa ndikuchepetsedwa ndi madzi mpaka 100ml.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa madontho amafuta kapena zinthu zina za organic.

Oxalic acid lotion: 5-10g oxalic acid imasungunuka m'madzi 100ml, ndipo pang'ono pang'ono ya hydrochloric acid imawonjezeredwa.Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsuka manganese dioxide opangidwa pambuyo pa kutsuka kwa potaziyamu permanganate.

Iodine-potaziyamu iodide mafuta (1g ayodini ndi 2g potaziyamu iodide amasungunuka m'madzi ndi kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi mpaka 100ml): amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsuka dothi lakuda lotsalira la silver nitrate.

Kusakaniza koyera: 1: 1 hydrochloric acid kapena nitric acid.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa ma trace ions.

Mafuta a alkaline: 10% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution.Zotsatira za degreasing ndi Kutentha ndi bwino.

Zosungunulira za organic (etha, ethanol, benzene, acetone): zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsuka madontho amafuta kapena zinthu zomwe zimasungunuka mu zosungunulira.

3. Dryndi

Magalasi ayenera kutsukidwa ndikuwumitsidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito pambuyo pa mayesero aliwonse.Mayesero osiyanasiyana ali ndi zofunika zosiyanasiyana pa mlingo wa dryness wa zida galasi.Mwachitsanzo, botolo la triangular lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa acidity litha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mukatsuka, pomwe botolo la katatu lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira mafuta limafuna kuyanika.Chidacho chiyenera kuumitsidwa malinga ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana.

(1) Kuwuma kwa mpweya: ngati simukuzifuna mwachangu, zitha kuumitsa mozondoka;

(2) Kuyanika: Ikhoza kuumitsidwa mu uvuni pa 105-120 ℃ (chipangizo choyezera sichingawumitsidwe mu uvuni);

(3) Kuyanika: mpweya wotentha ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuumitsa mwachangu (chowumitsira magalasi).

Inde, ngati mukufuna njira yoyeretsera komanso yowumitsa bwino, mutha kusankha makina ochapira magalasi a labotale opangidwa ndi XPZ.Iwo sangakhoze kuonetsetsa kuyeretsa kwenikweni, komanso kupulumutsa nthawi, khama, madzi ndi ntchito.Makina ochapira magalasi a labotale opangidwa ndi XPZ amatengera ukadaulo waposachedwa wapadziko lonse lapansi.Itha kumaliza kuyeretsa, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kuyanika ndi batani limodzi, ndikukubweretserani chidziwitso chatsopano chakuchita bwino, kuthamanga ndi chitetezo.Kuphatikizika kwa kuyeretsa ndi kuumitsa sikumangowonjezera mlingo ndi mphamvu ya makina oyesera, komanso kumachepetsa kwambiri kuipitsa ndi kuwonongeka panthawi ya ntchito.